Students with Learning Disabilities and the Peculiarities of Their Study in Higher Education Free Essay Example, 3750 words

Barriers that Could Hinder Students with Learning Disabilities in Higher Education After exploring the difference between the learning capabilities of higher education students with and without learning difficulties, May and Stone (2010) revealed that students with learning difficulties often times have the lower level of intelligence because of their inability to process the information they have received from the educators. Upon conducting a phenomenological research study to examine the factors that could create barriers to the learning abilities of the students in higher education, Denhart (2008) revealed that barriers to the learning abilities of the higher students with learning disabilities are often caused by external social factors which often times not understood by the teachers and faculty members. Higher education is different from elementary and secondary education in the sense that special accommodation is usually not available in higher education. In line with this, Bruce, Parker, Renfrew (2006) conducted a research study which aims to investigate the personal views and learning experiences of two women with aphasia who are enrolled in higher education after having a stroke. Based on the research findings of Bruce, Parker, Renfrew (2006), the two interviewees revealed that they are having difficulties in learning simply because they do not have any access to learning support. We will write a custom essay sample on Students with Learning Disabilities and the Peculiarities of Their Study in Higher Education or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Crime in Prison Essay - 1947 Words

Crimes in prison have been a part of our prisons since prisons themselves have been developed. It is almost certain that the criminals who end up in an institution in the first place will commit crimes while incarcerated. Prisons have come a long way over the years and with trial and error they have discovered many effective ways to help drop crime rates. Mail is monitored and read on occasion and is a privilege for inmates that can be taken away. Though many of the new policies and procedures have been effective, it is the well- trained staff that keeps crimes down. Crimes in our prisons have been declining, having the proper staffing in these institution’s plays a crucial part in keeping crimes down. By providing the officers†¦show more content†¦When issues like these occur the receiving inmate will be placed on a list known as the â€Å"hot list.† When an offenders name is on the hot list, their incoming and outgoing mail is completely monitored. Depending on the extent of the issue that inmate can be stripped search immediately and sent to either the medical or segregation unit. If they are taken to medical department there may be a suspicion that they are trying to or have successfully brought drugs into the facility and are now under strict supervision until the drugs are revealed. Visitor’s that try to bring these drugs into a facility are normally arrested immediately and booked in for their crime. (Gangscrossamerica.com, 1995) Gang initiated attacks are also common out on the prison yards and other common areas. Each gang has leaders who determine the crime that is going to be committed. Lower members of the gangs are then expected to carry out these orders or pay substantial consequences. In San Francisco, gang members of one of the largest prisons systems are pleading guilty to different crimes across northern California. These gang members have pleaded guilty to drug dealing, extortion and murder and already serving life sentences for prior crimes. (Michael Montgomery,Show MoreRelatedShould Prison Be Punished For A Crime?2383 Words   |  10 PagesIndividuals are sent to prison be punished for a crime committed and to be kept away from society. While some criminals are violent sociopaths, and may never be rehabilitated, many criminals can be corrected and taught to improve themselves. A variety of programs are designed to help inmates learn from their mistakes and prepare for release. These programs require funding, and with an imperfect penal system, there are certain elements of prison which may exacerbate criminal behavior. IdeallyRead MoreCan Prison Deter Crime?3702 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"Danbury wasnt a prison, it was a crime school. I went in with a Bachelor of marijuana, came out with a Doctorate of cocaine† - George Jung The above quote was given by notorious international drug lord, and one of the most successful career criminal of modern times, George Jung, when discussing the flaws of the modern penal system. While subsequent to this original incarceration, George did also frequently state that he would never allow himself to be detained in prison again, it is obvious thatRead MoreEssay on Crime Rates in Prison 2306 Words   |  10 Pagesmales and female prisons. It is important to study this theme because it does not only lead to the conclusion of where violence prevalent in male or female prisons, but it focuses on other issues as well. This paper deals with the social, psychological and sexual issues of the prisoners. Furthermore, most people believe that males biologically are more prone to violence, therefore violence is prevalent in male prisons and should have higher rates of violence than female prisons; however, there isRead MorePrison Was A Serious Punishment For Crime1598 Words   |   7 PagesPrisons were virtually non-existent before the 1700’s because prison was not considered a serious punishment for crime. Instead, the government imprisoned those who were awaiting trial where they would receive a more appropriate punishment. Many punishments at the time included branding, extreme fines, whipping, and the death penalty or capital punishment. Most offenders when caught, received their punishment in public. This was done to try and discourage criminal activity and falls under the theoryRead MoreCrime Statistics : Police Crime Records And Court And Prison Figures916 Words   |  4 PagesCRIME STATISTICS IN THE UK OFFICIAL CRIME STATISTICS Official crime statistics are obtained from ‘the records kept by the police and other official agencies’ (Moore, Aiken, Chapman 2006, p. 267). These records are gathered and published by the Home Office. According to Moore and Sinclair (1995) for an action to be officially categorised as a crime it should be considered as deviant and reported to the police. Then, the police should respond in the way which will start the legal process. There areRead MorePrison Terms Ineffective as Deterrent to Crime Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesof two tools: Law and Order. On the road to maintain Law and Order, penalty like Prison Term has been espoused. Prison Term could be defined as the length of incarceration for an offender, where the legnth varies from few days to months in a prison. It also embraces life terms in case of serious crimes like manslaughter, rape, murder, armed robbery, and kidnapping. However in the past two decades, increase in a crime rate and prisoners in incarceration indicate the failure of criminal justice. HenceRead More No Prison Time for Juvenile Crime and Violence Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages No Prison Time for Juvenile Crime nbsp; Students are shooting up schools across the country. Kids as young as twelve and thirteen are being convicted of murdering their peers. Right here in Hanover, two teens have been charged with the murders of Dartmouth professors. Although juvenile crime across the country may not be on the rise, high publicity, headline-grabbing juvenile-perpetrated homicides certainly are. nbsp; Prosecutors, attempting to satiate public demand for justice, haveRead MoreWhy Are Prisons Still Successful For Helping Prevent Crime?1180 Words   |  5 Pages In the UK, the prison population has more than doubled in less than 20 years. The cost to keep someone in prison for a year is  £36,808. The UK spends a higher percentage of the countries GDP on public order per year than any other EU country and even the US. Why are our prisons still highly unsuccessful in helping prevent crime? Prisons have barbaric beginnings from the medieval dungeon and torture chamber in the late 18th century. They have always combined punishment with rehabilitation. The onlyRead More Prison Reform in Russia and Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky1094 Words   |  5 Pages The novel Crime and Punishment occurs in the summer of 1865; a time when radical legal and social changes swept through Russia. The reforms of 1860’s and 1870’s were known as the Great Reforms because they affected every aspect of Russian life. With â€Å"an 1861 decree emancipating the serfs and [a] monumental reform of the court system in 1864,† the Russian society was still transitioning from an Estate-of-the-realm style toward a more just system focused on equality (Burnham 1227). TheRead MoreIncarceration in An Adult Prison Increases Juvenile Crime Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pagesbe tried in the adult court system or sentenced to adult penitentiarys on account of: teen b rains are not mature which causes a lack of understanding towards the system, incarceration in an adult facility increases juvenile crime, and children that are sentenced to adult prison are vulnerable to abuse and rape. American Psychological Association experts state that on average when compared to adults, 16 and 17 year-old juveniles are more: emotionally volatile, aggressive, impulsive, reactive to stress

The Emergency Room free essay sample

The emergency department team consists of many trained professionals each with a specific job in treating the patient. Emergency room personnel usually consists of administrative registration clerks, a triage nurse, primary nurses, a charge nurse, the attending physician or emergency nurse practitiner, and nursing assistants. Also, in certain hospitals the trauma team (surgeons, anesthesiologists, and specialized physicians) may be on standby to aid in an emergency situation in which the patient requires more complex care. The emergency nurse differs from the med-surg nurse in that he or she has had specialized education, training, experience, and expertise in assessing and identifying patents health care problems in crisis situations. In addition, the emergency nurse establishes priorities, monitors and continuously assesses acutely ill and injured patients, supports and attends to families, supervises allied health personnel, and teaches patients and families within a time limited , high pressured care environment. Nursing interventions are accomplished independently, in consultation with or under the direction of the physician or nurse practitioner. We will write a custom essay sample on The Emergency Room or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Emergency nursing is demanding because of the diversity of conditions and situations that present unique challenges. These challenges include legal issues, occupational health and safety risks for ED staff, and the challenge of providing holistic care in the context of a fast paced, technology driven environment in which serious illness and death are encountered on a daily basis. In the daily routine of the emergency department, triage is ued to sort patients into groups based on the severity of their health problems and the immediacy with which these problems must be treated. Emergent patients have the highest priority-their conditions are life threatening and they must be seen immediately. Urgent patients have serious health problems but not immediately life threatening ones; they must be seen within 1 hour. Nonurgent patients have episodic illnesses that can be addressed within 24 hours without increased morbidity. The triage nurse must have advanced skill and experience. They must spend hours learning how to classify different illnesses and injuries to ensure that patients most in need of care do not  needlessly wait. Collaborative protocols are developed and used by the triage nurse based on their level of experience. Nurses in the triage area collect crucial baseline data: full vital signs, pain assessment, history of the current and past medical history, neurologic assessment, weight, allergies, current medications, necessary diagnostic data, and ask specific questions that influence the care received in the ER.

Methods of Controlling Emissions in IC Engines

Question: Discuss about the Methods of Controlling Emissions in IC Engines. Answer: Introduction The milestones achieved in global economy in regards to clean energy despite the eminent climatic change has sparked a number of research activities in the industrial world with the view of investing more on the alternative sources of energy. Owing to the fact that automobiles are presently a chief source of air pollution, major automotive firms and state governments are working together to offer a solution that will lead to the decline of vehicle emissions and a corresponding decrease in the utilization of fossil fuel. Various manufacturers have in the recent past embarked on research on the different methods of reducing the overreliance on fossil fuel and the need to come up with sources of alternative power. Such milestones in the research include the electrically propelled vehicle engines and the internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles. Some of the commonly used fuels in the present times for the IC engine vehicle are natural gas, methanol, diesel, gasoline, and supercharging an d turbo charging gasoline. One of the reasons for the widespread utilization of IC engine is that the high-energy content can be easily transported. However, its major drawback is that the combustion of fuels results to hazardous emissions to the environment. The aim of this paper is to establish the ways of controlling such emissions in an IC engine. The main pollutants generated by the IC engines are carbon monoxide, NOX, noncombustible hydrocarbons, and other emissions in particulate form. All fuel-combusting systems emit carbon dioxide in enormous volumes that result to green house effect. Methods of Controlling Emissions in IC Engines Diesel Particulate Filters Since 2000, Diesel Particulate Filters have been used in manufacturing of vehicles. Since the development of the Euro 5 norm, the technology has been used as a standard device on all new diesel cars among the European nations (Favre, May Bosteels, 2011). Some buses and trucks that bear the euro 5 norm emissions standards were installed the diesel particulate filters to meet the requirements of the number of emissions of mass and particle. The figure below shows a wall-flow DPF. Figure 1wall-flow DPF Catalyst Control Technologies The principle by which this method operates in controlling the gaseous emissions from an IC engine is based on chemical catalysis process. The catalyst results to chemical reactions without being consumed or changed. The catalytic control system constitutes a steel housing with a size that depends on the engine size where it is contained. The steel housing bears a ceramic or metallic structure that acts as a catalyst substrate or support. The figure below shows ceramic substrates. Figure 2 ceramic substrates The engine steel housing does not have any moving parts. It only has its substrate interior surfaces coated with base metals. In some other cases, the interior surface is coated with precious catalytic metallic elements like vanadium, palladium, and platinum and this relies on the pollutants targeted. Catalysts convert pollutants into non-toxic gases by generating chemical reactions within the exhaust stream. Such reactions vary based on the technology being employed (Sharaf, 2013). In addition, the technology adopted depends on whether the engine is working under stoichiometric, lean, or rich conditions. At any rate, the catalysts in emission control are aimed at eliminating nitrogen oxide gas, carbon dioxide, and others pollutant matter to differing degrees. The choice of the method of an emission control for gaseous emissions relies on the operating mode of the engine such as load and speed, the engine type, and the targeted pollutants. In some cases that involve rich burn engines, the oxides of nitrogen may be the only emission that is controlled. In such a case, there may be minimum reduction in carbon monoxide. On the contrary, in the scenario of lean burn and stoichiometric engines, considerable reductions in all the three major pollutants can be attained. Various emission control methods have to be used in stationary IC engines based on the air to fuel ratio of the engine. The reason is that the composition of the exhaust gas varies based on the operating condition of the engine such as stoichiometric burn, lean or rich. The operating mode of the engine such as its load and speed should be considered since this affects the temperature of the exhaust gas. Non-selective catalytic reduction This method is capable of achieving considerable reductions of oxides of nitrogen for rich burn engines. In a case where the engine operates as stoichiometric point (=1) the technology is termed three-way catalyst (Sharaf, 2013). In such a case, other emissions are reduced apart from the oxides of nitrogen such as carbon monoxide. On the other hand, lean oxides of nitrogen and oxidation catalysts offer a minimal or no emission control in a rich-burn condition. Notwithstanding, in a lean-burn condition, oxidation catalysts offer a substantial reduction in both the oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Selective Catalytic Reduction For more than fifteen years, the method has been employed in controlling NOx emissions generated by the rich-burn engines. When used, the IC engines have shown the capacity to realize over 98 % reduction in emissions (Sharaf, 2013). More than three thousand rich-burn IC engines have been fitted with this technology as a technique of controlling the nitrogen oxide emissions from lean-burn stationary Internal Combustion engines. The method was first adopted in the United States and since that time, it has continued to gain popularity. Lean-burn engines are known to generate exhaust rich in oxygen and this makes the reduction of nitrogen dioxide typically impracticable when non-selective catalyst technology is employed. On the other hand, the introduction of a reducing agent like urea or ammonia and other agents aid in the chemical reaction. The reaction is as shown below. The reactions that take place when the reducing agents are used leads to the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions by more than 90% (Heck Farrauto, 2001). Such a method is known as selective catalytic reduction since the catalyst only aims at reducing the oxides of nitrogen. The diagram below shows a selective catalytic reduction. Figure 3 selective catalytic reduction Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) According to Kumar and Rehman (2011), the HCCI technology can reduce the particulate matter and NOx emissions by the spark ignition and compression combustion engines that use fossil fuels. This is possible by the application of two significant processes. The first process involves the auto ignition of the NOx and Particulate matter mixture as a result of the compression heat. The second process involves the formation of a homogenous mixture of NOx and particulate matter found in the diesel fuels. According to Jin and Zheng (2015), the homogenous mixture is achieved by port injection. The only challenges however, are the viscous nature of the diesel fuel, high octane number, and a broad range of the boiling points. This has an impact of prolonged mixing time of the diesel fuel to form a homogenous mixture whereas; the time taken for chemical ignition is short. In addition, there is the challenge of fuel wetting owing to the nature of the diesel fuel. Future Prospects According to Alagumalai (2014), one of the future prospects in emission control in IC engines is technology forcing. The author argues that in this approach, the regulatory agency establishes certain requirements to ensure a limit on the amount of emissions allowed over a particular period using indeterminate technology. In most cases, such technologies have not been fully exploited or fully utilized or used widely on commercial basis despite pilot demonstrations and experimentation. Such efforts are aimed at cutting down the automobile emissions responsible for greenhouse effect such as carbon dioxide that for the last 40 years have doubled, with the highest global contributors being the United States and China (Alagumalai, 2014). The second emerging trend in the reduction of emissions by the automobile industry is the use of bio-fuels to replace the fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel. According to (Alagumalai, 2014), the research conducted by the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology on the bio-fuels have demonstrated potential cost and environmental benefits of such a fuel in the IC engines. The author mentions that the research revealed the ability of the bio-fuels to minimize the greenhouse emissions by the IC engines by 50% as opposed to fossil fuels. Payri et al. (2014) corroborates that bio-fuels can significantly reduce the impact of GHG on the IC engines owing to its cost-effectiveness similar to that of electrical engines but with much reduced increment in the lifetime cost. The author also mentions that countries like Brazil have already implemented the laws that increase the bio-fuel share. The third emerging trend in the reduction of emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide by the automobile engines is the adoption of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEV) and Electrical Vehicles (EV). According to Payri et al. (2014), the two technologies can achieve this aim using electricity production mix. In the present times, European countries, Japan, and the United States are the leading in the adoption of the EV and HEV technologies. The report released by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association shows that between 2020 and 2025, the market share for the EV and HEV engines will rise between 3 to 10%. Conclusion There have been great achievements the in global economy in relation to clean energy in spite of the inevitable climatic change. These have significantly resulted to a number of research attempts in the automobile space across the globe with the aim of investing more on the subsidiary sources of energy. Because the automobile engines are presently the major air pollutants, majority of the automotive firms and state governments across the globe are collaborating to offer a solution that will result to the control of automobile emissions of carbon dioxide and other exhaust gases and analogous decrease in the consumption of fossil fuels such as gasoline and petrol. The quantity of carbon dioxide passed off from the automobile sector accounts for an average of 20 percent of the entire amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere globally. As a result, because of the need to control or manage global warming, there is a corresponding need to control this percentage to a manageable a mount in the atmosphere. There is commonly a great amount of carbon dioxide released by the automobile sector and this continually leads to stringent standards of fuel economy globally. This sequentially necessitates improvement of fuel economy by the automobile engines. Some of the technologies commonly used to cut down emissions by the IC engines include Diesel Particulate Filters, homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI), and Catalyst Control Technologies. However, each of the methods have their drawbacks and this means there is need for future developments and innovations to come up with the potential ways of reducing emissions in IC engines. In terms of the future prospects of IC engines, there are emerging trends such as technology forcing, replacement of fossil fuels with bio-fuels, and adoption of EV and HEV engines to reduce the greenhouse emissions by the IC engines. Reference List Alagumalai, A 2014, Internal combustion engines: Progress and prospects, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, pp. 561-571. Favre, C., May, J. and Bosteels, D 2011, Emissions Control Technologies to Meet Current and Future European Vehicle Emissions Legislation, Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst (AECC) AISBL, Brussels,20, p. l-12. Heck, R.M. Farrauto, R.J 2001, Automobile exhaust catalysts,Applied Catalysis A: General,221(1), pp. 443-457. Jin, C. and Zheng, Z 2015, A Review on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition and Low Temperature Combustion by Optical Diagnostics, Journal of Chemistry, 2015, pp. 1-23. Kumar, P. Rehman, A 2011, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Technology-A Review, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 11(6), pp. 47-67. Payri, F., Lujn, J., Guardiola, C. and Pla, B 2014, A Challenging Future for the IC Engine: New Technologies and the Control Role, Oil Gas Science and Technology Revue dIFP Energies nouvelles, 70(1), pp. 15-30. Sharaf, J 2013, Exhaust emissions and its control technology for an internal combustion engines,International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications,3(5).